Saturday, August 31, 2019

Efficient Building Services

EFFICIENT Building Services Introduction The freshly constructed T2 Inspection Facility is located within Dubai’s Jebel Ali Port‘s Container Terminal 2. The edifice has five chief installations including particular review installation, detained stuff warehouse, Canis familiaris pace, usage review installation, and municipality review installation. The edifice was completed in the twelvemonth April 2013. The review installation is used for general review of lading come ining or go forthing the state. It has a 1.35-meter steel platform from the finish floor degree associated with dock leveler with a hinged lab isolation platform ( LIP ) concrete incline. The installation has hot rolled subdivisions with aluminum roof cladding scaling a tallness of 8.15 metre. Besides, the review installation has an opaque aluminum fencing around it with a tallness of 2 metres from the top of the platform. The detained stuff installation is to keep stuffs illicitly transported through the airdrome. The detained stuff warehouse occupied the land and first floors. It has a medium coating with ceramic flooring tiles for office country. The floor and wall tiles in wet countries have sixty square inch ceiling. Internal wall are painted with washable emulsion pigment for easiness in cleansing. Like the review installation, it has a platform with a tallness of 1.35 metre from finish floor degree associated with dock leveler with hinged LIP platform size concrete incline and concrete stairss. It besides has steel construction with a built up country of 732.0 m2and entire tallness of 9.20 metre, hot rolled subdivisions with aluminum roof facing and vision panels at roof. Besides, the installation has a hydraulic lift and steel stairway to ease entree to the edifice. The installation has a block walls for office, larder and lavatories. The Canis familiaris pace has a built up country of 65.70 m2and entire tallness of 5.35 metre. It has a medium coating with ceramic flooring tiles for dry countries with 60 square inches ceiling tiles. The floor and wall tiles for wet countries have sixty square inches H2O opposition ceiling tiles. The internal walls are coated with washable emulsion pigment while the exterior lifts and sunning zones are coated with epoxy pigment. The imposts review installation has a 1.35-meter platform from finish floor degree associated with dock leveler with hinged LIP platform size and concrete inclines. The installation has an office edifice with a built up country of 515 m2and entire tallness of 5.4 metre with hot rolled subdivisions with strengthened concrete slab. The floors have a medium coating with ceramic flooring tiles for dry countries the same size as the other installations ( 60 square inches ) . Wet countries have H2O immune tiles. The installation has block walls with washable emulsion pigment for internal walls. To heighten the lighting of the edifice, the roof has aluminium cladding with vision panels. The municipality review facility’s office edifice has a built up country of 800 m2and entire tallness of 5.0 metre. It has hot rolled subdivisions with strengthened concrete slab. Medium finish with ceramic flooring tiles for dry countries with 60X60 false ceiling tiles, floor & A ; wall tiles for wet countries with 60X60 H2O opposition false ceiling tiles. It besides has block walls with washable emulsion pigment for internal walls. Main installations offered in the edifice Electrical system The edifice has a substation providing low electromotive force electricity into the edifice. It has one low electromotive force panel with seven Sub Main Distribution Boards. The system has on capacitance bank and eight poles light. It besides has backup generator for supplying electricity in times of breaks in brinies electricity. The electrical plants comply with the ordinances of Dubai Electricity and Water Authority ( DEWA ) ordinances. The edifice has particular LED lighting through all its installations that complies with CIBSE criterions. The country around the edifice has 30-Meter high masts that light the full location. The masts are equipped with adjustable metal halide visible radiations. Besides, the masts have supports on the lantern ring for IT entree point and security cameras. The edifice besides has power, telephone and information web canals that serve the building’s needs. The electrical canals step 150mm, telephone steps 100 millimeter, informations canals measure 100mm while security camera ducts step 100mm. Notably, power, and telephone and information web connexions to all installations in conformity with criterions laid down by the governments. Air conditioning and airing The edifice has a functional air airing system that complies with the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers ( ASHRAE ) . All stuffs used in the edifice were sourced from certified makers. The stuffs comply with international specifications. The edifice is fitted with air conditioning equipment complete with window and wall fumes canals. The system has an automatic shutter to maximise the indoor air quality. The bringing pipes are made of insulated Cu. The refrigerating pipes run on the roof and have a metal covered tray to cut down heat addition from the environment. The air conditioning in the edifice comprises of 2 fresh air-handling units and 13 fumes fans. The system besides has a cosmetic split unit. A thermoregulator separates the split unit and the fresh air-handling unit. The FAHU runs continuously but is times to close down after having a fire dismay signal. The FAHU has an outside air and fumes dampers that remains unfastened when the system is running. These dampers stop four seconds after the supply fan Michigans. The AC system in the edifice can present a broad temperature scope with comparative easiness of accommodation. The system besides occupies small infinite largely in the ceiling. The system’s heat recovery option besides conserves energy good as it recovers most of the heat from exhaust pipes. However, dehumidification in these systems is non as efficient given that the edifice is near a big H2O organic structure. The system is besides comparatively expensive compared to other systems and necessitate expensive care over clip. It is besides comparatively noisy ( Huchtemann & A ; Muller, 2014, p.23 ) . Mechanical specification of the air conditioning The air status is designed to let for DE system. This is to let the grading of the air conditioning system to cover more room in instance of enlargement or alteration of internal design. In add-on, the air conditioning system supplies treated fresh air to all suites. The exhaust pipes will hold a heat recovery mechanism to retrieve heat from the exhaust air in cold times. The Inspection bays besides have hall have air conditioning and air drapes to maximise user experience. The detained stuff warehouse has forced airing to coerce air deep into the installation ( Joo & A ; Liu, 2001 ) . Water supply and drainage The edifice has equal fresh H2O supply to all its floors. In add-on, the edifice has three Grass Reinforced Panel keeping armored combat vehicles with a set of electrical pumps. The armored combat vehicles store as much H2O as possible for usage in times of deficit. Water is heated utilizing 14 H2O warmers situated at assorted locations in the supply system. Storm H2O is drained through 22 soak ways designed to suit as much H2O as possible. The soak ways are designed in a aslant place to let for easy flow of H2O into the chief drain. Fire system The edifice has an belowground fire pipe system that is lined by cement. The pips are coated with bitumen and are made of malleable Fe in line with American Water Works Association criterions ( AWWA ) . The edifice has an A/G RCC H2O armored combat vehicle to hive away H2O as required by the relevant ordinances. In add-on, the TSE irrigation pipe extends from bing pipes from the next secret plan. Ramps, stairwaies and Elevators The edifice has luxuriant entree installations including inclines, stairwaies and lifts. These are stationed at strategic topographic points in the edifice to ease entree to the other degrees ( Allen & A ; Iano, 2008 ) . Most of the entree paths in the edifice are through inclines and stairwaies. However, lifts are available for usage unit of ammunition the clock and are powered by electrical motors. They contribute well to electrical ingestion in the edifice. Other Systems The edifice has a assortment of systems that increase the edifices atmosphere including exigency lighting, telephone systems, informations lines, photocopiers and other office machinery. These systems enhance the usage of the edifice including disposal and review services. These public-service corporations consume an estimated 5 % of the edifices electricity. Administration Command Center The edifice has a cardinal bid centre. This electronic platform integrates communicating and control system in the full edifice to a cardinal location for easiness in commanding and communicating ( Indraganti, et al. , 2014 ; Shah, Prajapti & A ; Patel, 2012, p.10 ) . The Centre ensures that activities in the assorted operational units are coordinated and incase of an exigency, the proper safety steps are implemented. The halfway Acts of the Apostless as a cardinal mention point for the direction of people, induction off procedures and direction of the systems. The system reduces running costs as a little staff staffs the cardinal bid. In peculiar, the bid centre manages the low electromotive force power systems, metering systems and security systems in the company. The centre besides oversees the smooth flow of operations among the assorted runing units of the terminus. Most significantly, the centre undertakes everyday preventative and disciplinary care processs to cut down possibi lity of accidents and malfunctions. Technical restrictions of the edifice The terminal 2 edifice was commissioned in 2013. The edifice boasts extremist modern installations and a beautiful coating. Compared to other edifices, the terminal 2 edifice has a better design and is more suitable for comfy usage and life. Most of the air and H2O supply canals are insulated to cut down energy loss o the environment. However, there are a figure of restrictions in its design and systems. To get down with, the edifice is non energy efficient. Energy costs of running the edifice are high. These include lighting and air conditioning. The design did non take into history factors such as possibility of natural illuming during daylight to salvage on energy costs. In add-on, the detained warehouse installation has a limited infinite and needs a batch of air circulation ensuing in monolithic usage of electricity ( Bonda & A ; Sosnowchik, 2007, p.31 ) . In add-on, the edifice did non use equal green engineerings in the building and care of edifice installations. For case, the edifice uses electrical H2O warmers alternatively of tapping solar energy that is abundant in Dubai ( Nunnelly, 2008 ; Thomas, Zimmerman & A ; Ott, 2011, p.14 ; Kats, et al. , 2008 ; Huchtemann & A ; Muller, 2014 ) . Decision The T2 edifice was completed in the 2013 and has five chief installations including particular review installation, detained stuff warehouse, Canis familiaris pace, usage review installation, and municipality review installation. The review installation is used for general review of lading come ining or go forthing the state and has a tallness of 8.15 metre. The detained stuff installation holds stuffs illicitly transported through the airdrome and occupies the land and first floors. The Canis familiaris pace has a built up country of 65.70 m2and entire tallness of 5.35 metre and is used a meat for sniffer Canis familiariss. The imposts review has an office edifice with a built up country of 515 m2and entire tallness of 5.4 metre with hot rolled subdivisions with strengthened concrete slab. The municipality review facility’s office edifice has a built up country of 800 m2and entire tallness of 5.0 metre. It has hot rolled subdivisions with strengthened concrete ( Lee & A ; Gue rin, 2010 ) . The edifice has equal supply of fresh H2O to all its floors complete with storage armored combat vehicles. However, while the edifice boasts extremist modern installations and a beautiful coating, it lags behind modern design in energy preservation. The energy costs of running the edifice are high including lighting, warming and air conditioning. The design failed to see usage of natural illuming during daylight to salvage on energy costs. In add-on, the edifice uses electrical H2O warmers alternatively of tapping solar energy that is abundant in Dubai. Mentions Joo, I. , Liu, M. ( 2001 ) . Performance Analysis of Dual-Fan, Dual-Duct Constant Volume Air Handling Units. Cover Art:1stInternational Conference for EnhancedConstructing Operations- ICEBOTexas A & A ; M University. 16-19 July. Accessed 9 February 2012 from the nexus hypertext transfer protocol: //repository.tamu.edu Nunnelly, R. ( 2008 ) . Design or operations issue? .Engineered System.Vol. 1. ( 1 ) :13. Shah, P. , Prajapti, D. Patel, M. ( 2012 ) . Overview of industrial filtration engineering and its applications.Indian Journal of Science and Technology[ online ] . Vol. 3. ( 10 ) . Thomas, Z. , Zimmerman, M. , Ott, A. ( 2011 ) . Next-Generation Building Energy Management Systems and Implications for Electricity Markets.U.S. Departmentof EnergyVol. 1. ( 14 ) . Accessed 9 February 2012 from the nexus hypertext transfer protocol: //www.osti.gov/bridge Bonda, P. , Sosnowchik, K. ( 2007 ) .Sustainable commercial indoor. New Jersey: John Wiley & A ; Sons Kats, G. , Alevantis, L. , Berman, A. , Mills, E. , Perlman, J. ( 2008 ) The Cost and Financial Benefits of Green Buildings. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & A ; Sons Inc. Allen, E. , Iano, J. ( 2008 ) . Fundamentalss of constructing building: stuffs and methods. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & A ; Sons Inc. Lee, Y. , Guerin, D. ( 2010 ) . Indoor environmental quality differences between office types in LEED-certified edifices in the US.Building and Environment. Vol.45 ( 5 ) : 1104–1112 Indraganti, M. , Ooka, R. , Rijal, H. , Brager, G. ( 2014 ) . Adaptive theoretical account of thermic comfort for offices in hot and humid climes of India.Building and Environment.Vol. 74: 39–53 Huchtemann, K. , Muller, D. ( 2014 ) . Combined simulation of a deep land beginning heat money changer and an office edifice.Building and Environment.Vol. 73: 97–105

Friday, August 30, 2019

The Gowanus Creek Canal Superfund Case Study Environmental Sciences Essay

The Gowanus Creek Canal is a canal in the Brooklyn, NY that was late designated as a Superfund site by the Environmental Protection Agency. To acquire a full apprehension of the complicated nature of this, I will give a full background of the Superfund every bit good as the Gowanus Creek Canal. What is the Superfund? Harmonizing to the EPA, â€Å" Superfund is the federal authorities ‘s plan to clean up the state ‘s uncontrolled risky waste sites. †[ 1 ]Now the Superfund came approximately as a consequence of Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980. What brought about the Superfund? This act itself was a merchandise of the assorted dumping sites including the Love Canal and the Times Beach catastrophes. The Love Canal was likely the biggest catastrophe dirt at the clip. The Love Canal was named for William T. Love, who desired to construct a community between upper and lower Niagara River in 1910.[ 2 ]It failed for a few grounds and by the 1920 ‘s had become a dumping land for municipal and industrial waste. The waste country was covered with soil, and was sold by the Hooker Chemical Company to the metropolis for $ 1.00. The metropolis would finally construct over 100 places and 1 school in the country. In 1978, the NY Times ran an article about the chemicals that were being detected in the country. In all 82 compounds were detected in the country ensuing in legion birth defects numbering 22,000 dozenss of toxic waste.[ 3 ]In fact, in one household a grandma had 4 grandchildren, two of whom were born with birth defects. One kid had a birth defect being an excess row of dentitions and cleft lip, while another had an oculus defect.[ 4 ] In mid 1978 there was an detonation and heavy rain autumn followed. After this detonation, big sum of chemicals began to seep/leek and bubble in the land from all over the Love Canal Community. Citizens developed high white blood cell counts and the metropolis was finally abandoned under province orders. President Jimmy Carter issued an exigency fiscal assistance ( the foremost of its sort outside of a natural catastrophe ) , and finally over 200 households moved and the province purchased the places with about 7 million dollars.[ 5 ]This finally led to series of Acts of the Apostless including The Clean Air and Water Acts, the Safe Drinking Water Act, the Pesticide Act, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, the Toxic Substances Control Act ; all of whom are critical in the defence of the wellness of the state. So how does the Superfund work? Well the Superfund was developed in the 1980 ‘s as a consequence of the antecedently mentioned Love Canal Disaster. It gave the authorities the power to coerce companies that polluted countries to besides clean up the countries that they polluted. The job with this though was that many companies merely did non hold the money or had gone out of concern.[ 6 ]As a consequence of this a revenue enhancement was developed on companies that developed toxic waste and this money was placed into a trust fund. This trust fund was called the Superfund, and was utilized as needed for clean up. The Superfund was funded by three chief beginnings ( 1 ) revenue enhancements on net incomes from crude oil ( oil ) companies, ( 2 ) chemical feedstock revenue enhancement ( a revenue enhancement on 42 potentially risky chemicals ) and ( 3 ) a corporate AMT Tax on net incomes.[ 7 ]Other beginnings of support included ( 1 ) U.S. General Treasury, ( 2 ) cost recoveries from defilers, ( 3 ) involvement o n the fund, and ( 4 ) punishments.[ 8 ]Gas companies were peculiarly angered by the fact that they were forced to pay for 50 % of the revenue enhancement while merely being responsible for 20 % of the contaminated sites.[ 9 ]They were besides upset at the fact that many authorities owned countries were major defilers to superfund sites yet were non being taxed at the same rate. In the twelvemonth 1995, against the wants of President Clinton, the Republican controlled Congress ( reacting to industry ailments ) refused to reauthorize the Superfund Tax ( measure defeated 53-43 ) .[ 10 ]This was a alteration in political policy stance by the Republican Party under whom the Superfund Bill was ab initio authorized and passed ( under Republican President Ronald Reagan ) . By 2003, the Superfund was depleted ( from a high of 8.5 billion dollars ) and so President George W. Bush stated that he would non back up a corporate revenue enhancement to further fund the â€Å" Superfund † .[ 11 ]It was stated that much of the Superfund program is wasted on drawn-out judicial proceeding on finding who is responsible for the dearly-won clean up.[ 12 ] Current Status of Superfund Presently, money that has been directed towards the economic stimulation has been used for the Superfund program clean up sites to the melody of $ 600 million dollars.[ 13 ]The Superfund was supposed to be used in the instance of companies who might hold potentially damaged countries throughout the state were n't able to pay. Many companies charge that guiltless parties are the 1s who are being held responsible, but you have companies like Vineland ( no longer in concern ) , that pay a superfund revenue enhancement of about $ 3million dollars and are responsible for over $ 120 million dollars in harm.[ 14 ]Simply put, if a company goes out of concern should they taxpayers who are genuinely guiltless be forced to pay for the clean up? The statement that all makers should n't be held responsible for the wickednesss of the few is merely go throughing the vaulting horse to the authorities and revenue enhancement remunerators. Industries besides argue that some of the Superfund program si tes are the consequence of landfills and storage installations that were used by local authorities and the armed forces.[ 15 ]They fail to recognize that the authorities does non separate between private and public entities when it measures those responsible for clean up ; so public entities are besides held responsible for clean up. The Superfund is a kind of insurance policy ( which the authorities could coerce all chemical and oil companies to take out as a private insurance ) to forestall issues like the Love Canal Tragedy from reoccurring. When companies like Vineland go out of concern and the authorities has an duty to protect the people. As a consequence, the authorities must do step to guarantee clean up whether it is out of taxpayer money or company pooled money. The industry trade association, the American Chemistry Council, steadfastly believes that the Superfund should non be reinstated and all activities related to the Superfund program including killing should come from â€Å" general authorities gross. †[ 16 ] Recently, there has been talk of re-instating the Superfund revenue enhancement[ 17 ]At least 30 % of all Superfund program sites are orphaned sites where the authorities can non turn up those companies who damaged the environment or do n't hold the fundss to execute any kind of clean up.[ 18 ]New Jersey which leads the state with 114 Superfund program sites[ 19 ], has been a beginning of one of the two measures have been proposed to re-instate the Superfund. Rep. Frank Pallone, D-N.J has introduced a measure, and Rep. Earl Blumenauer, D-Ore introduced another measure ( though similar ) to reintroduce the Superfund Tax. Neither of these measures though has made it past the House Committee.[ 20 ]In the Senate, New Jersey Congressman Frank Lautenberg attempted to present a similar Superfund measure, but this died in commission.[ 21 ]This is being opposed vehemently by the American Chemistry Council, which has retained council to forestall the reenactment of the Superfund program jurisp rudence.[ 22 ] The recent budged bundle has included more money dedicated towards the EPA for killing, while suggesting revenue enhancements on certain industries.[ 23 ]Many industries have brought judicial proceeding every bit high as the US Supreme Court in an attempt to cut down the punishments and costs that might be brought against them for possible clean up.[ 24 ]One such instance, brought by Shell Oil Company, and decided 8-1 in favour of the company limits liability or killing from possible damagers whom had limited or minor duty for the pollution.[ 25 ]General Electric, the company responsible for much of the pollution in the Hudson River, has brought judicial proceeding disputing the Constitutionality of the Superfund jurisprudence,[ 26 ]saying that it does non let defilers the opportunity to dispute the punishments.[ 27 ] The recent BP Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico has besides strengthened the talk of regenerating the Superfund revenue enhancement for a assortment of grounds. This includes the restrictions that exist as a consequence of the Oil Pollution Act, which was passed in 1990 as a consequence of the Exxon Valdez Spill.[ 28 ]The restriction puts a cap of $ 75 million dollars for things outside of clean up costs like lost rewards or touristry dollars, but all killing costs are still the duty of the defiler. It is thought that the current killing could ensue in over $ 10 billion dollars in lost economic activity.[ 29 ] Gowanus Creek Canal The Gowanus Creek Canal has been called the â€Å" shortest † , â€Å" most of import † , â€Å" busiest † , but best known as the one of the â€Å" most contaminated † canals in the state.[ 30 ]It would gain the name Lavender Lake for the violet shade ( due to the oil movie that rested on the surface and acrid olfactory properties ) . In the early 19th century there was an increased demand for addition moorage and navigational infinite in New York City. As a consequence, the Gowanus Creek Canal began as with the mandate by the NY Legislature in 1849, by intensifying and widening the assorted brooks and recesss. It was carved out of tidal wetlands and brook and completed in 1869. It shortly became a busy waterway for a big sum of commercialism[ 31 ]and built up in 1881 to suit shippers and industrial users north of the Hamilton Bridge.[ 32 ]Standing at 1.8 stat mis the Gowanus Canal was a major finish point for Brownstone based in New Jersey. As a consequence you will see countries around the Canal in Brooklyn ( Carroll Gardens, Cobble Hill, Red Hook and Park Slope ) with a big sum of brownstone houses. As a consequence of the Canal, there was a immense addition in the edifice of mills, warehouses, tanneries, coal shops, stone/coal paces, pigment, ink flour Millss, soap shapers, cement production, and fabricating gas refineries. In add-on since 1869, the Gowanus Canal has besides served as dumping land for sewerage,[ 33 ]industrial sewerage, refineries and chemical workss.[ 34 ]It was the site where chemical fertilisers were foremost produced.[ 35 ]Gowanus Bay itself was a fabrication centre for ship building and gas storage[ 36 ]( which may hold helped take to the increased pollution of the Canal ) . During this period edifice grew at a rate of about 700 per twelvemonth. Each required a sewerage system which finally emptied into the Gowanus Canal.[ 37 ] Due to the high degree of industrial pollution, big sum of risky stuff has been stuck at the underside of the country in and around the canal every bit good as significant airborne pollution. In 1890, as a consequence of utmost pollution, the Bond Street Sewer Pipe was constructed to let go of sewerage into NY Harbor ( this finally failed to function it ‘s purpose ) . By the terminal of the 19th century to World War I, the canal had over 6 million one-year dozenss of lading produced & A ; trafficked and was as a consequence one of state ‘s busiest ( and arguably most contaminated ) H2O manner in the state. As a consequence of this big combination of industrial pollution, residential pollution, storm H2O run away and stale H2O a call for a clean up was made. The Canal had to be dredged on a regular basis in order to do it navigable due in big fact to the heavy sewerage that on a regular basis entered the waterway.[ 38 ]The metropolis responded by constructing a 12 pes diameter blushing canal to pump some of the sewerage out of the canal ( 1911 ) . In the 1950 ‘s, with increased changed in transporting engineering, New York experienced a major diminution in their industry. This every bit good as the motion of fabricating off from the New York City country led to the shutting of many mills. Last, the building of the Gowanus Expressway and the Brooklyn Battery Tunnel led to competition for the canal boats for local transportation[ 39 ]because of the usage of trucks for transportation.[ 40 ]By the 1960 ‘s, the huge bulk of commercial activity was gone. In fact by the 1970 ‘s over 50 % of the belongings at the Gowanus was fresh and derelict[ 41 ]. The flushing tunnel that was used to pull out soiled H2O was broken ( by a metropolis worker who by chance[ 42 ]dropped a manhole screen into it ) . After this the canal became a dumping topographic point for a figure of topographic points including the Mafia. With the so called â€Å" Brownstone Revival † ( during the early 1980 ‘s ) in which many in-between category households left the suburbs to reenter the metropolis, there was a renewed activism to clean up the country.[ 43 ]After the find by scientists of typhus, enteric fever and a deadly strain of cholera in the H2O, the Red Hook sewerage intervention works was constructed ( 1989 ) , every bit good as the re-activation of the flushing tunnel and pump station ( 1999 ) .[ 44 ]The Red Hook intervention works has had mixed consequences in footings of effectivity ( due in big portion to floods in the system ) . With the re-activation of the flushing tunnel in 1999, the metropolis witnessed the first flow of â€Å" fresh † H2O from New York Harbor into the Gowanus Canal in 37 old ages.[ 45 ]The new pump brings in approximately 200 to 300 million gallons of oxygenated H2O into the canal per twenty-four hours.[ 46 ] Current Physical Condition and Possible Solutions Presently merely one company ( Bayside Fuel ) still uses the canal as a commercial waterway. Therefore every bit long as they are contained farther pollution can be prevented via industrial dumping. The canal was so contaminated that STD ‘s ( gonorrhoea in a H2O sample ) have been found in the Canal ( Typhoid and cholera infected the waterway in the 1970s ) .[ 47 ]The wellness hazards to country occupants has served a hurt to possible investors in the country, which resulted in the deficiency of residential, commercial and lodging in the country.[ 48 ]The H2O quality which has improved greatly over the past few old ages does non widen to the deposit ( which has n't been dredged since 1975 ) which remains extremely contaminated.[ 49 ]Dredging itself is no easy undertaking and requires the motion of dirt to a risky containment site.[ 50 ]Even with the improved H2O quality, the EPA ( even in a preliminary appraisal ) has found taint along the full length of the canal ( including pesticides, metals and malignant neoplastic disease doing agents ( PCB ‘s ) ) .[ 51 ] Current thoughts of clean up have included hot topographic point clean up of contaminated countries, taint decrease steps, the creative activity of more wetlands, methods to better H2O quality, and the change of the H2O flow by utilizing hydrology to better H2O quality.[ 52 ]In add-on it is necessary to clean up the land H2O underneath assorted industrial installations to forestall migration of contaminated dust.[ 53 ] The merchandise of the start of the some of the clean up of the canal can be seen with the find of life within the canal including several crustaceans, fish, worms, and Phoxinus phoxinuss ( although the wellness of these animals has yet to be determined ) ,[ 54 ]which did non be even two old ages ago.[ 55 ]56 The increased community and quasi political activism including the Gowanus Canal Community Development Corporation ( GCCDC ) , the Gowanus Dredgers and Place in History are opening public cognition of the country. Events such as the Gowanus Earth Day Spring Cleaning, Red Hook Earth and Surf Parade, the Brooklyn Waterfront Bicycle Tour, and the Gowanus Oktoberfest have besides increased public consciousness. Other thoughts have included the creative activity of the Gowanus Canal Revitalization Program which has resulted in the creative activity of the three street end public unfastened infinites ( through the metropoliss Green Street Program ) .[ 57 ] In 2002, the US Army Corps of Engineers entered into a joint attempt with the NYC DEP to join forces on a $ 5 million Ecosystem Restoration Feasibility Study of the Gowanus Canal.[ 58 ]This survey was initiated to assist to find the best methods to clean up the canal. New York City through all of it ‘s attempts did non take into history ( give an exact estimation ) of how much it was responsible for its contributed harm to the Canal. It did though province that it would wish to hold the money that it has besides used for ( 1 ) the feasibleness survey, and ( 2 ) has already committed $ 150 million dollars towards the betterment of the olfactory properties and forestalling sewerage discharges in the country.[ 59 ]The EPA has gone on record as stating that this was work was complimentary.[ 60 ]They have non though made any kind of statement as to whether or non this would be used to cut down the claim against the metropolis. What we should see though is that the metropolis has in fact profited greatly from the economic activity around the canal including but non limited to assorted revenue enhancements ( including belongings, gross revenues, concern, etc ) . A new fright though has arisen with the planned move of the New Jersey Nets to Brooklyn and the edifice of the new sphere and next lodging ( Barclay ‘s Center ) . With the new inflow of population and industry comes in inflow of sewerage ( which is frequently disposed into the canal. This along with rainwater has many times in the yesteryear led to floods of the system. So who is responsible for clean up? The EPA has designated nine parties as those who are responsible for the clean up of the country including New York City, the US NAVY, Con-Ed, and six other private companies.[ 61 ]There is besides probes on the manner for 20 other companies in the yesteryear who might hold polluted every bit good.[ 62 ]New York City itself was responsible for holding an asphalt mill every bit good as an incinerator which contributed to pollution in the country.[ 63 ] Political Climate in New York Concerning Superfund Status The Gowanus Canal had one of the worse pollution seen by the EPA in every bit many old ages. Walter Mugdan, regional EPA Superfund Director, was quoted as stating â€Å" Where we usually in Superfund sites may mensurate risky contaminations in parts per million or even parts per billion, in the Gowanus Canal, we ‘re mensurating them in parts per hundred. †[ 64 ]The â€Å" sludge † that was taken from the site was so acerb that it ate right through the heavy responsibility plastic that was used to incorporate it over the class of a weekend.[ 65 ] Now the Gowanus Canal is n't the first country in New York City to be declared a Superfund site. In fact, 197 stat mis of the Hudson River, runing from the Hudson Falls to the Southern Tip of Manhattan, was declared a Superfund site over 25 old ages ago.[ 66 ] New York City Mayor, Michael Bloomberg, admits that the Gowanus Canal needs to be cleaned. He is though against the Gowanus Canal being labeled a Superfund site fearing that it could ( 1 ) flicker of judicial proceeding that could detain clean up, ( 2 ) frighten away developers in an country that the metropolis wanted to rezone for commercial and residential usage.[ 67 ]The thought of making a â€Å" Venice of Brooklyn, †[ 68 ]seems to be a spot far fetched but the thought of one would in fact conveying a possible existent estate roar to the country. The EPA counters that the â€Å" a smelly, foul and unhealthy waterway †[ 69 ]could be more of a hindrance to developers in the country. What the metropolis did n't see is that Bankss consider the environmental conditions of belongingss prior to financing them. It is unfastened and public cognition that the Gowanus Canal is a contaminated country. So the appellation of a Superfund program listing will make a stigma is weake ned.[ 70 ] Litigation is surely a possibility. Many companies merely do n't be any more, and at that place have been a figure of instances where companies have tried to detain or even dispute the monetary value ticket of clean up. GE ‘s current two measure escape path ( one jurisprudence suit with two statements ) via judicial proceeding is a primary illustration of a current company that is seeking to avoid paying or earnestly cut down paying in a local country.[ 71 ] In the yesteryear, some of the wellness hazards have served as hurt to the edifice of residential, commercial and lodging[ 72 ], but by rezoning this may be challenged. This fear though may be ameliorated by the fact that some past Superfund sites in the New York City metro country have become premier illustrations of great development including Roosevelt Field Mall in Garden City, NY.[ 73 ] Michael Bloomberg states that his alternate clean-up method could take every bit small as 9.5 old ages at a cost of approximately $ 300 million dollars. The EPA countered that the killing and support is based on funding from the Federal Government which may non of all time come ( since the federal financess would necessitate congressional blessing[ 74 ]) .[ 75 ]The EPA counters that its program will take away from federal funding and ensures that the â€Å" defiler wages † rule is applied ( since the metropolis has no power to force defilers to pay and itself a defiler ) .[ 76 ]The EPA provinces that clean up should be between 300 and 500 million dollars and take between 10 to 12 old ages.[ 77 ]The City does hold one strong advantage in footings of velocity of the undertaking. The metropolis would get down clean up of the Canal get downing November of 2010 and entire completion would be by 2020.[ 78 ]The EPA ‘s program would affect the usage of a plan/strategy, which wou ld be completed by 2014, and the clean up would take 10 to 12 old ages from that point. This would ensue in a clean up completion day of the month of 2026. What the metropolis might genuinely be in fright of is the possibility of the Gowanus Canal turning into another Love Canal Tragedy ( which took about 25 old ages to clean up ) .[ 79 ]With a hodgepodge of resources ( the metropolis would come in into an understanding with 10-12 companies and depend on metropolis & A ; province taxpayer dollars and federal appropriations[ 80 ]) every bit good at New York State itself back uping the Superfund appellation ( believing that it could non back up to clean up the canal by itself ) the metropolis faced another blow to an already weak place.[ 81 ] Ultimately, the EPA designated the Gowanus Canal a Superfund program site. With this appellation some of the proposed development such as the upwards of 477 condo and townhouses were instantly placed on clasp.[ 82 ]The undertaking proprietor stated that with the Superfund program appellation it would be impossible to acquire funding for the undertaking.[ 83 ]Second, the selling of existent estate units to a Superfund program site which is synonymous to some people to a barren is virtually impossible.[ 84 ]Third, the trouble in obtaining insurance can be a immense factor in the building in the country.[ 85 ]They besides argued with uncertainness on how long it may take to clean up the country valuable time/money resources could be wasted.[ 86 ]Gowanus Green, which has planned to construct over 774 more lodging in the country plans to go on with its undertaking. It should be noted that Gowanus Green is to a great extent financed by New York City.[ 87 ] In entire until the Superfund program appellation was to look the planned extra lodging was to be around 1400 houses ; although with clean up it is estimated it could lift to 3000 extra lodging in entire.[ 88 ]With such big extra lodging though we must see if the substructure can back up this. Are at that place adequate H2O, sewerage, parking, and educational installations available to back up such an extra population? Merely because the country can be cleaned and there is adequate infinite to construct a population does non needfully intend the substructure can to the full back up this. In add-on there are other considerations that must be taken into history. These considerations include wellness attention costs and possible judicial proceeding if ( 1 ) an unknown agent is deemed to be a cause of a possible hereafter wellness hazard, and ( 2 ) if judicial proceeding occurs that could forestall the EPA from traveling frontward at a alert gait. Concerns of implosion therapy ( which is what happened at the Love Canal and is a existent possibility sing the past events of deluging ) and oozing into occupants back paces is a strong concern. The bead in belongings value and the loss or possible occupations could ensue in the loss of 1000000s of dollars. There is the alternate point of view that the importance of the clean up should supplant any belongings value loss or occupation loss.[ 89 ]This though may be a beginning of judicial proceeding that may decelerate the undertaking of the clean up down well. In other Superfund program sites, judicial proceeding has slowed advancement of Superfund program clean up ( as in the town of Libby, Minnesota ) .[ 90 ]Surveies have farther shown that there does be decreased belongings value listings following a Superfund program listing, but after clean up belongings value does increase ( many times to flush higher degrees that it had originally been ) .[ 91 ] Beginning NYS Dept of Health[ 92 ] Beginning NYS Dept of Health[ 93 ]

Thursday, August 29, 2019

Business Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10000 words

Business Project - Essay Example In many cases, the solution of transferring part or all the production units in developing countries appears as the most appropriate corporate decision at least for a specific period of time. It has to be noticed that in accordance with the World Economic Outlook (2002, 82) ‘trends and cross-county differences in corporate indicators reflect a variety of country-specific institutional and macroeconomic factors, as well as industrial specialization and firm size’. In other words the decision of ‘relocating’ in a new commercial market has to based on several elements which all must be thoroughly examined before the beginning of any relevant process. The existence of factors that may not have been taken into account when deciding this option can delay the development of the relevant plan and in many cases can even lead to its cancellation. China has proved to be a place that can help the companies to survive – at least on a short term basis – and to develop their level of production while the cost involved is low. Specifically regarding the particular issue MacMurray (1994, 68) stated that ‘as Chinas enterprise reform movement accelerates, MNCs will need to closely monitor the evolution of the industries in which they participate and seek a deeper understanding of the emerging competitors and acquisition candidates in each’. In other words, relocation in China can be an appropriate solution for many corporations however all parameters have to be examined thoroughly in order to assure that in the future the company will continue to have the same benefits or at least that this decision will not be proved to be ‘fatal’ for the firm’s survival. This paper examines the ‘viability’ of a relevant decision which refers to a German automobile company, Omega Motors Gmbh. The company decided to transfer part of its production unit to China at least for a few years in order to examine if suc h a decision could help it to reduce its costs and to

Wednesday, August 28, 2019

Violent Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Violent Media - Essay Example Their mind gets perplexed due to such exposures and they do not know how to react. Either they become aggressive and retaliate or they develop fear psychosis and feel frightened, insecure and unsafe. They may even resist going to the school. In such cases, the parents should not neglect the situation and accompany the child to the school find out the root cause of violence and tackle the situation in a peaceful manner by taking assistance from the school administrators. Parents are the first arbitrators for any complicated situations the children face in the school or in the neighborhood.  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Parents are certainly the most important persons in the life of children and they will listen to their counsel more than what they are willing to accommodate the articulations of the TV anchors. Parents need to develop open communication with the children, encourager and support, provide positive reinforcements and save them from being exposed to negativities. Never try to o utsmart the children with dishonest or evasive replies. When they find out the truth about the issue, they will have poor opinion about your honesty. In the next opportune moment, they may not trust you at all even if you give the correct information to them. Talk to them again and again, lovingly and in a persuasive manner. What happens when children are exposed to negative side of life? â€Å"The dual-identity concept at the heart of many superhero stories helps kids negotiate the conflicts between the inner self and the public self.

Tuesday, August 27, 2019

How does proverty affect the amercian dream in the play death of a Research Paper

How does proverty affect the amercian dream in the play death of a saleman and in the world today - Research Paper Example This reality exposes us to realize the great falsehood about poor people and makes us sit back and re -look at the mammoth economic and social problem existing in our midst. View of general public reflects a negative and racial concept about poverty. There is a general assumption that African Americans are poor and lazy and even though they are part of working class, they purposely remain without jobs. False promises and inconsistent government policies to eradicate poverty are some of the reasons for this sorry state of affairs. The financial insecurity has played havoc with the lives of people, especially low – wage workers in the United States. This has brought about a financial insecurity in their lives as they are faced with the fear of job losses and rising cost of living. There is a new interest by the policy makers of America for regeneration of national focus on the worrisome social and economic problem. The founding fathers of the constitution of America felt that ha rd working people would be able to realize their dream. The story of Death of a Salesman â€Å"proves that people still dare to dream and make it big like their other fellow beings.

Monday, August 26, 2019

Risk assessment( example more likely to be killed by a falling air Term Paper

Risk assessment( example more likely to be killed by a falling air craft part or eaten by a shark) - Term Paper Example Individuals also need it to enhance their hindsight. This paper analyses two such relevant arguments, both for and against. Risk assessment is a process that incorporates five major stages in order to curb any chances of danger. The processes of examination differ greatly depending on the complexity of the risk at hand, however; the following stages are commonest in most organizations and companies. Identification of the hazard is the first stage, and this refers to anything that may cause an accident, for instance chemicals, open sewages, and open electrical wires. This stage involves identifying how the hazard may cause hard to other people. For every identifiable hazard, the assessor should be able to clarify whoever is likely to be affected by the hazard. This involves both individuals and groups of people, though; it does not involve writing down the names of every single individual. Having spotted the hazard and the people who are likely to be affected, an action has to be taken. This stage involves taking all the reasonable precautions in order to curb the expected risk. Recording the results of the risk assessment process and implementing them is a critical stage. This involves putting the risk assessment results into action in order to minimize the probability of the related forms of danger. The final stage calls for the assessment of the entire process. The final stage is critical in the evaluation of the procedures used to review the risk assessment process and helps in the making of any possible adjustments. The departments of fisheries in various countries have considered water activity choice, depth of the water, distance away from the shore, presence and population of marine sharks and temperature of water as key risk factors of being eaten by the shark (Ian, 121). In Western Australia, for instance, those bathing within 25 meters away from the shores of its capital, Perth, are safer

Sunday, August 25, 2019

Interview Process for Movie Theater General Manager Assignment

Interview Process for Movie Theater General Manager - Assignment Example The general manager will be mainly involved in overseeing administrative areas such as staffing, customer service, and daily operations (Suttle, 2013). The general manager will display team work while ensuring superior customer experience and encouraging profitability of the theatre. A structured interview will be conducted in order to assess and evaluate the compatibility of a candidate. The interview will have behavioral structured questions that will aim to assess the knowledge and skills of a particular candidate to test his or her compatibility with the roles and responsibilities required by the position. In addition the structured interview will focus on evaluating the behavioral aspect of a candidate’s personality beyond eligibility. This will enable the identification of a candidate that is fit for the position. The structured interview will be used to assess an individual’s candidacy by keeping the job requirements as a standard. As such it will be designed such that the questions will relate to specific job requirements. The questions will also allow deeper behavioral aspects of a candidate to surface in different mock situations required as part of a general manager at a theatre. The job analysis will be an underlying factor shaping the interview questions. More specifically the interview questions will be structured and inquire about an individual’s background in arts, theatre, and business. It will also aim to test the knowledge of an individual in key business concepts such as cash budgeting, forecasting, etcetera, where the candidate will have to demonstrate his or her knowledge and skills. Additionally, some scenario-based questions will be asked that assess the candidate’s behavior and actions given particular hypothetical questions (Bell, 1999; Arizona Human R esources, 2013). Past experience will also be asked to be described and/or demonstrated through specific examples. The recruitment will be conducted

Longitudinal study vs survey methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Longitudinal study vs survey methods - Essay Example This kind of a study is special in its nature in that the researcher is not required to interfere with the subjects of the study but, is required to use the same subjects in the conduct of the several phases of the study. Thus, a longitudinal study can establish a sequence of research events during its conduct. This form of study is very beneficial to a researcher in the sense that one is able to detect the changes or developments in the characteristics of the test subjects (sample population) either at the individual levels or at the group level. 1. Hutto, C.J., Yardi, S., & Gilbert. E., (2013). A Longitudinal Study of Follow Predictors on Twitter. CHI , 1-10. 2. Rajulton, F. (2001). The Fundamentals of Longitudinal Research: An Overview. Special Issue on Longitudinal Methodology, Canadian Studies in Population , Vol. 28 (2), 169-185. 3. Diamond, L. M. (2008). Female Bisexuality From Adolescence to Adulthood: Results From a 10-Year Longitudinal Study. Developmental Psychology , Vol. 44 (1), 5-14. 4. Huesmann, L. R., Moise-Titus, J., Podolski, C-L., Eron, L. D., (2003). Longitudinal Relations Between Children’s Exposure to TV Violence and Their Aggressive and Violent Behavior in Young Adulthood: 1977–1992. Developmental Psychology , Vol. 39 (2), 201-221. 5. Farrall, S. (2007). ... The chart below shows a summary of the benefits and challenges faced by this research method as shall be discussed later in the essay. PART 3 Survey method is a research method that studies individual units that have been sampled from the main population as well as the techniques of the data collection used in the survey such as the construction of the questionnaires. Consequently, a survey research method would look into the accuracy of the survey responses as well as the methods that can be used to improve their number. In most cases, the researcher undertakes the surveys so as to be able to make statistical inferences regarding the population under study (Zikmund, 2013). The chart below shows a summary of the benefits and challenges faced by this research method as shall be discussed later in the essay. PART 4 Longitudinal Research Method Survey Research Method Refers to an observational study that is conducted upon the same subjects or sample through the gathering of data repeate dly over a period of time. This period of time may extend to even one year or beyond like a decade Refers to a research method that studies individual units that have been sampled from the main population as well as the techniques of the data collection used in the survey such as the construction of the questionnaires. Benefits Challenges Benefits Challenges 1. It does allow the researchers to easily identify any changes or developments that may occur in the characteristics of the target or sample population both at the individual and group levels. 1. The observations by definition are not independent. As such the study must always account for the data dependency. 1. It is relatively easy to develop and to administer especially when using advanced survey

Saturday, August 24, 2019

Evaluate and Recommend Advertising Media Options Essay

Evaluate and Recommend Advertising Media Options - Essay Example The assignment will also include advantages and disadvantages of different advertising media options. Identification of target market for the product, ideal communication media, and suggestions for marketing will also be included in the assignment. There are certain advantages and disadvantages of using different advertisement media options. Every option offers some advantages and disadvantages both. The table below will include pros and cons of using four advertisement media options like television, billboard, internet, and sponsorships. The organization under discussion is a fast moving consumer goods company that has been in the market for many years. The company has recently launched its anti germ hand washing product. The aim of the product launch is to cater to the needs of health cautious people, and therefore health safety will constitute a major theme in the marketing communication of the company. The main target market for this anti germ or anti bacterial hand wash is young children and teenagers. Parents and older people are also a major target market for the product. The target audience for this hand wash is health cautious people who want to make sure that they are germ free. This is why younger generation and middle aged men and women are the main target market. Also old people are also careful about their health and this is why they are also identified as a major target market for the product. Young women, who are mainly concerned for their skin beauty, are excluded from the target market for this product. The first advantage of using television is wider reach of the media because many people across the region watch television. The second advantage is the ease with which local audience can be targeted (Pleshette, 2012). The third advantage is attractiveness of the media. The fourth advantage is the ease with which effectiveness of the media can be measured. The fifth advantage is catering to different sets of target

Friday, August 23, 2019

Products of Native American Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Products of Native American Culture - Essay Example The text which is used as a product of Native American culture is one which shows a different identity that belongs to America and which once was the main association with the United States, as opposed to the changes which occurred after the land was conquered by the American government. Text as a Product of Native American Culture The text that is a part of culture and history is first defined as a product of Native American culture. The different types of text are able to describe the culture, history, family and the lifestyle that was a part of a given time frame. This traced the history of the Native Americans back into the ancient ways of living while showing how the dominant culture in America was lost through the war. The defining of these elements make the text as a main product of Native American culture, specifically because it is able to define and describe different parts of the culture as well as provide examples that have caused the religious, ceremonial, cultural and h istorical aspects to be engrained with those who are a part of the Native American tradition. When reading the text, there is the ability to understand the entire society. The intertwining of traditions, ranging from the societal hierarchy to the concepts of religion are in each of the text, making it all a significant basis to understanding the history, beliefs and lifestyles of Native Americans. An example of the text as a part of Native American culture is defined with â€Å"Black Elk Speaks.† This particular text is important in defining the ceremonies and cultures of the Sioux while combining this with the historical events taking place when America began to attack the Native Americans. Descriptions such as The Dog Vision, Heyoka Ceremony and the Powers of the Bison and Elk are able to describe elements of the culture and how this related to the changes in America from the past of Native Americans. â€Å"Under the tree that never bloomed I stood and cried because it had withered away. With tears on my face I asked the Great Spirit to give it life and leaves and singing birds, as in my vision† (Neihardt, 193). This is one of several examples that show the intertwining of cultures in the text. The product comes from the connection to nature, prayers that are a part of the practice of Native Americans, and as read through the â€Å"Great Spirit† and which associates with the context of the time. The particular culture is also defined as the narrator is describing the attacks of the Native Americans and how the family is lost because of the American attacks, showing how the culture known is lost because of the historical events taking place at the time. Another representation which shows the text as the Native American culture is through â€Å"Ceremony† by Leslie Silko. Similar to â€Å"Black Elk Speaks,† this book is able to combine the elements of the Native American culture with religion, ceremony and the beliefs that are upheld through generations. However, there is also an understanding of how this has changed because of the divisions which occurred in America over time. â€Å"An old sensitivity had descended in her, surviving thousands of years from the oldest times, when the people shared a single clan name and they told each other who they were†¦

Thursday, August 22, 2019

Recruitment and Selection Strategies Essay Example for Free

Recruitment and Selection Strategies Essay An Organization can process Recruitment and Selection strategies by using a simple technique based on the knowledge and skills of an applicant. It is imperative that an Organization be able to recruit the most experienced, skilled and suitable candidates. Having a recruitment process is critical for new Organizations. The first step consists of managing applicants and welcoming potential participants (Cascio, 2013). To entice and recruit highly knowledgeable and experienced employees, Landslide Limousine must wisely develop a strong recruitment strategy and plan. Organizational Goals While looking at all past communication, the client communicated that Landslide Limousine would require 25 employees, with a projected revenue of $50,000 in the first year, and an expected yearly revenue growth of 5%. They also expect an annual turnover of 10%, while maintaining an expected yearly revenue growth of 5%. This can seem overwhelming while keeping track of it all. By following the recruitment and selection strategy plan, you must use it to employ the most skilled and suitable candidates. This will help the organization in accomplishing its Organizational Goals and offering superior service to its clients is priority. This in turn, will add value to the Organization. Demographic Changes In today’s world, many changes are occurring in demographics due to globalization. It’s imperative that there be focus on a more diverse  workplace. Being able to manage a diverse workplace can have its challenges. By having a diverse workplace, it benefits the Organization by offering opportunities to influence and obtain its potential employees. Using proper recruiting and selection strategies, Landslide Limousine Services are able to compete with other competitors by providing customers with superior service. It is highly recommended that the company intend to hire theut most skilled and knowledgeable candidates. Having a proper recruitment and selection strategy along with a rewarding reward and compensation plan. With all of these in place, Landslide Limousines Services can achieve the challenges given at hand and those challenges involved in managing workplace diversity. Organizational Branding As a small business owner, it is important to first create awareness, by advising current employees to spread the news about the company friends and family. Employees can also use the employee referral system to help the company in seeking experienced and qualified applicants. This will help the company in generating job satisfaction and a culture in which employees feel valued and trusted. The company can also accomplish two highly important objectives by caring for the current employee’s concerns and desire for promotion. These objectives consist of forming a high-quality learning environment and choosing individuals for current opening in various divisions within the organization (Cascio, 2013). The most important stage of developing a successful limousine service consists of managing the selection of drivers and hiring chauffeurs. These positions represent the face of the company. Customer service is very key and vital in these positions, as they type of service the customer receives will determine their continued business and longevity with the company. With this, it is important for the management teams to focus on the selecting, hiring, and retaining the organizations valued resources. It is also important that the organization abide by the organizations local and state laws and regulations. Not following the company’s proper employment practices can cause harm to the organization as well as the client. When selecting a chauffeur, management must create job ethics and standards.  It is important these standards are followed by each applicant applying for the chauffeur position. The next step is to develop a job description. Developing a job description will ensure that each applicant is aware of the jobs responsibilities and expectations associated with the position. Properly developing strong job responsibilities will also assist in disciplining chauffeurs who are not performing efficiently. Upon offering the chauffeur position it is important to give each applicant a copy or the job description. The next step in recruitment is to prepare a job application form. This will ensure that the correct information is provided to the applicants in regard to the working in the limousine business. The final step in the recruitment process is developing a limousine driver training and employee placement package. The training and placement package will assist in helping management and employ ee to move forward after the hiring process is complete. Methods for Screening Once an applicant has submitted their application and each application has been carefully reviewed, a formal interview should follow for all qualified candidates. When conducting a formal interview, they will assist the hiring manager by giving them an overview of the client. From how they are dressed, to how well they speak and act, to include all other body language. According to Cascio (2013), when conducting the proper interview it is important to follow the following steps. It is important for Management to have a comprehensive list of questions to ask applicants. Prepare for the interview and select a designated time in a quiet location. Pay close attention to the applicant and listen to their answers with an open mind. It is crucial to avoid all unnecessary interruptions and answering the phone when conducting a formal interview. Remember to avoid making promises to prospective applicants. If a promise has been made, it is imperative that it be done to avoid misrepresenting or misleading an applicant. It is critical that during this interview, management evaluate appearance, knowledge, communication skills, education and character for determination. Methods for Recruiting Candidates It is important to consider any laws that may be used for recruitment and  selection. Acknowledging and abiding by these laws passed to protect the rights of people in the workplace, are very important when trying to run a successful business. Being able to adapt to a changing society is crucial to have continued success and growth in an Organization. Some of the laws that Management must be aware of are: The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967- protects employees from discrimination on the basis of age. Both private and public employers need to adhere to the provisions of the law which calls for eliminating discrimination of employees above the age of forty (EEOC, 2014). The Civil Rights Act of 1964, prohibits discrimination based on religion, color, sex or origin. This is law is particularly applicable to workplaces employing more than 15 people (EEOC, 2014). The Civil Rights Act of 1964, prohibits discrimination based on religion, color, sex or origin. This is law is particularly applicable to workplaces employing more than 15 people (EEOC, 2014). The Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1975 – which prohibits refusal to employ pregnant female employees (EEOC, 2014). Selecting Candidates After the interview process, potential candidates move on the next step of the process which consists of forming an analysis of all applicants or potential candidates, to include all information gathered from the formal interview. Each potential applicant must be screened for the important requirements that Landslide Limousine Services will be needing candidates that have superior driving skills, review a copy of their motor vehicle records if applicable, and a background check. These requirements will help in assisting Landslide Limousine Services in providing adequate information for each potential applicant and help in selecting the right employee for the position. Conclusion Selecting the correct candidate is an important process for any business. Although some applicants have excellent work history, it is imperative that management recruit the most qualified. Candidates who not only have the experience, but will maintain great communication, customer service with clients and can help make the goals of the Organization a reality. Hiring the right employees in a business can have a big impact on the business. It can either be very good or very bad. So, making sure to hire the right  employees will dictate the type of service your Company will be giving. It might seem simple to train an employee for their position, however, it is impossible to train an employee on morale, attitude and motivation. (Cascio, 2013). References Cascio, W. F. (2013). Managing Human Resources: Productivity, Quality of Work Life, Profits (9th ed.) Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill/Irwin EEOC (2014). Discrimination by Type, retrieved from http://www.eeoc.gov/laws/types/index.cfm

Wednesday, August 21, 2019

Heat Loss And Payback Time Of Insulation Materials Construction Essay

Heat Loss And Payback Time Of Insulation Materials Construction Essay This is an empirical research on the topic heat loss and payback time of different insulation material. Insulation is one of the commonly used tool and also used as an effective techniques for heat loss prevention. This paper studies the different insulation materials and their comfort ability in preventing heat loss and their payback time period. The paper is analytical in nature and evaluates empirically as to how to measure the heat loss or gain and payback time of different insulation materials for cavity walls and what are the steps that can be taken prevent or control heat loss. Introduction Today, the world is concerned with factors like pollution, energy conservation, CO2 emissions and climate change. Each and every section of human and technical advancement is offset by some form of pollution that can have long term effects on the environment and consequently sustainability of life on Planet Earth. Automobiles, industries, and agriculture are some of the more popular areas of concern. But few are aware of the fact that the construction industry in general and private dwellings in particular plays a much larger role in polluting the environment. This observation can be verified from the figures and statistics as follows. The top twenty polluting countries in terms of CO2 emissions are given below. http://www.ucsusa.org/global_warming/science_and_impacts/science/graph-showing-each-countrys.html It can be seen that the United Kingdom is the eighth most polluting country in the world. But it is far lower in terms of volume when compared to the United States, Japan, and the fast growing economies like India, China, and Russia. The UK also comes in eighth place in terms of per/capita emissions (9.66 tonnes per person). Taking these figures into consideration, the country can be classified as a moderately polluting one. For example, Australias place in terms of total CO2 emissions is sixteen, but its per/capita emission figures stand at 20.58. The United States come second with 19.78. The top polluter, China has only per/capita emissions of 4.58. http://www.ucsusa.org/global_warming/science_and_impacts/science/graph-showing-each-countrys.html While the size of the population is a factor in bringing down per/capita emission figures, the case of Australia and the United States reveal that even countries with lower population levels can be responsible for high levels of emissions. It appears that the construction industry do contribute significantly to emissions. It is estimated that the construction industry in general contribute approximately thirty three percent of total green house gas emissions. (Page 3) http://www.ciob.org.uk/filegrab/TheGreenPerspective.pdf?ref=539 According to another observation, the situation is more serious in case of private dwellings. Most peoples concern about carbon emissions or a carbon footprint centres around gas-guzzling cars or flights. But in reality much of the problem is closer to home, or indeed in the home. Lighting and heating buildings generates 50% of Britains carbon dioxide emissions while the production of building materials accounts for a further 10% http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2007/feb/28/communities.society In this context, the current study is significant because it is concerned with heat loss effectiveness and the economic (payback period) benefits that home owners derive from having efficient insulati on. In this context, it is important that the construction industry provides technology in the form of insulation that can conserve energy (in terms of heat loss). This paper reviews the benefits of using insulation material in conserving heat loss and also the long term economic benefits that accrue from using such materials. The paper will focus on dwelling construction and not on large scale industrial, office, or housing projects. It is hoped that this study will provide a foundation for further studies in any form of construction with regard to use of insulation materials for energy and heat conservation. Heat loss and payback time is for cavity wall insulation materials(EPS, rockwool, phenolic foam, cork, sheeps wool, polyurethane foam, cellular glass, cellulose)in a semi detached dwelling of 8400 x 5500 mm outer dimension over period of time like from (2001-2010)and for future weather predictions as well like (2020,2030,2040,2050)in various counties of England. It will also take i nto consideration factors like temperature variations across seasons and geographical locations in the United Kingdom. The designing process has a lot to do in controlling heat loss. However, majority of the structures do not have enough system for preventing the loss. Though there are various techniques available in the market to reduce the heat loss, majority of them are not used due to different reasons such as non-reliability. One of the commonly used heat loss prevention technique is insulation. The State and its people are motivated in heat loss savings not only because they can save money, but they can protect the unnecessary loss of resources and energy as well. If proper heat loss prevention technique is applied there can have a great amount of savings. And if the technique used is insulation technique, then the chance o f savings would be high as there are lots of advantages to insulation technique compared to other techniques (Egan, 1975). Before going deep into the concepts of heat loss and insulation technique of prevention of heat loss it is better to have an understanding of the term heat. The term heat can be defined as the interaction between two substances which occurs by virtue of their temperature difference when they communicate (Moss, 1998, p. 2). It is the nature of the heat it is not constant at any place, but it will move from one place to another. However this movement depends on the temperature of that place. The heat can be lost in different ways such as conduction, infiltrationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.etc (Parker, 1997). There are different mechanisms to calculate the quantity of heat loss and these techniques also helps in designing such walls which has less quantity of heat loss. The different insulation material used in the walls can cause difference in the quantity of heat loss. This paper conducts a study of heat loss and payback time of different insulation materials for cavity walls. The different techniques are evaluated on the basis of payback time of the technique used. The payback time refers to the return on the investment of the techniques for preventing heat loss. Here the return in the sense both comfort and saving of money are considered. Research Background The heat loss is serious loss as it causes so many problems including financial problems. Though there are different preventive techniques are available for controlling the heat loss, most of them are not able to give expected result. One among such techniques is insulation technique. There are so many drawbacks for insulation techniques also. Therefore there is a relevance and great amount of significance to conduct a research on the topic heat loss and insulation techniques of preventing heat loss. The wrong selection of insulation materials is one of the main reasons for high amount of heat loss. When heat loss is measured it can be seen that the heat lost when one material of insulation is different from quantity of heat lost when another material of insulation is used. Un-insulated walls can also cause serious problems in terms of energy lost and other problems. The purpose of the building or the wall is also has a significant role in selecting the insulation technique. The moisture problem is one of the main factors to be considered. If the moisture problem is high, then insulation cannot do much do in preventing heat loss. The insulation materials should be selected in such a way that, it can ensure a control in moisture and air. Selecting the incorrect kind of insulation technique can increase the moisture problems. The insulation process would be easy and highly efficient, if the flow of air and moisture is properly controlled. The insulation process in such form is highly expensive and therefore it must be done with at most care. The reason is that, if there is no enough return on such insulation, the effort and money would be waste. Therefore each kind of insulation technique should be deeply analyzed in terms of its efficient application and then the selection decision should be made. Research Aim and Objectives This paper will address the topic of heat loss and payback period of different insulation materials. The main intention behind the research is to evaluate how effectively the heat loss can be avoided and how payback period of different insulation material can be calculated using analytical methods. The research is conducted in the context of commercial building where huge investments are made to avoid huge loss. But most of the cases are futile in the sense that either they lack proper insulation material or identifying major causes of heat loss in domestic and commercial environments. This study will explain how to insulate a building and how much insulation is needed including how to measure or calculate heat loss in a building. The specific objectives can be briefed as below: To investigate into how to Measure or Calculate Stop Building Heat Loss To assess and evaluate the various methods of how to measure or calculate heat loss (or gain) in a building To Identifying different building design temperatures how to use a home energy audit or heat loss analysis To assess the payback period of different insulation materials and how they can be perfectly calculated A Literature Review Heat loss is an important concern when considering the huge impact it has on saving energy which is the need of the time. Maintaining a proper temperature in a building consumes a large portion of energy worldwide. A building which is properly sealed, moisture-protected and insulated walls help increase comfort, reduce noise, and save on energy costs. However, there are different insulation materials out there which differs in there qualities especially in the R value which is a measure of thermal resistance of a material, the higher the R value the lower the heat loss. This topic covers information on different insulation materials, their payback periods, influence of weather on them, different climatic conditions in UK and its impact on building insulation materials. Heat loss of insulation materials Insulation slows the rate at which heat is lost to the outdoors. Heat flows in three ways: by conduction, convection and radiation. The main function of insulation is to keep the heat in. To be effective, insulation must be resistant to heat flow, able to fill a space completely and evenly without compacting and durable. How heat loss of insulation materials happens? Exposure to moisture Joints and cracks in the insulation allow water to travel in the insulation Corrosion Insulation that are not rated for the highest temperature of the material being covered Long-term exposure to heat reduces the strength of the insulation material. Insulation that do not should fit snugly all over the wall Using tape to cover gaps or hold insulation How is Heat Lost Heat can be absent in a array of ways. Some of these are calefaction accident by infiltration, losses by advice through floors, ceilings, individual bottle windows, double bottle or artificial covered windows, doors, and calefaction losses by conduction through walls. There are mainly three such a method in which calefaction moves (Murphy, 1976). These are convection, advice and radiation. This accident by agency of conduction can be anticipation of as the alteration of calefaction activity through or aural a solid. This alteration amount varies from actual to material. Heat can also be transferred through a fluid. This is alleged convection. Infiltration heat loss, on the added hand, can be anticipation of in the afterward way (Croy, 1984). Heat is transferred by conduction, convection or radiation, or by a combination of all three. Heat always moves from warmer to colder areas; it seeks a balance. If the interior of an insulated fish hold is colder than the outside air, the fish hold draws heat from the outside. The greater the temperature difference, the faster the heat flows to the colder area. Conduction. By this mode, heat energy is passed through a solid, liquid or gas from molecule to molecule in a material. In order for the heat to be conducted, there should be physical contact between particles and some temperature difference. Therefore, thermal conductivity is the measure of the speed of heat flow passed from particle to particle. The rate of heat flow through a specific material will be influenced by the difference of temperature and by its thermal conductivity. Convection: By this mode, heat is transferred when a heated air/gas or liquid moves from one place to another, carrying its heat with it. The rate of heat flow will depend on the temperature of the moving gas or liquid and on its rate of flow. Radiation: Heat energy is transmitted in the form of light, as infrared radiation or another form of electromagnetic waves. This energy emanates from a hot body and can travel freely only through completely transparent media. The atmosphere, glass and translucent materials pass a significant amount of radiant heat, which can be absorbed when it falls on a surface (e.g. the ships deck surface on a sunny day absorbs radiant heat and becomes hot). It is a well known fact that light-coloured or shiny surfaces reflect more radiant heat than black or dark surfaces, therefore the former will be heated more slowly. A chance for any of the above transfer of heat ends up in heat loss. The Moisture Problem The attendance of damp in the exoteric walls of a architecture reduces the effectiveness of insulation and may in actuality adulterate the framing and structural materials as able-bodied as accord to cruddy stains and affect the buildings appearance. Vapor manual through a actual is agnate to that for calefaction advice through a apparent which was declared earlier. It is dependent on time, apparent area, breath pressures on both abandon of the surface, thickness, and permeability, which is a measurement of a materials ability to address moisture. One blazon of botheration is if abstract forms on walls, floors or beam sections of a building. Here the insulation amount (R) is bargain because air pockets in the insulation actual are now abounding with water. It is this baptize that creates the problem. That is because baptize is a good aqueduct or poor insulator (Argue, 1980) Moisture problems occur when indoor air comes into contact with single window panes or uninsulated walls. Symptoms of moisture indoors Odours, frost and ice on cold surfaces, damp feeling , surface discoloration, staining, texture changes, deformed wood surfaces, wood decay, sweating pipes, water leaks, and dripping, peeling, blistering and cracking paint, crusty, powdery, chipping paint and masonry, and high indoor humidity. Outdoor sources of moisture. Foundation drainage slabs, below grade walls, splash back, Construction details, blocked exterior air circulation are few main sources of the moisture outdoors. Indoor sources of moisture. Occupants, firewood stored, attic, crawl spaces, construction materials, inadequate use of exhaust fans, aquariums and house plants, humidifiers, air conditioners and plumbing leaks. Identification and Prevention of Heat Loss One way in which to appraise a structures accessible calefaction accident is to employ energy audits. Audits are classified into three types, blazon A, B, and C (Shurcliff, 1980). These classes are based on the abyss or acuteness of the audit. The residential sector apropos itself with affairs A audits and chic B audits. Program audits are conducted by able auditors while B audits are commonly mail in blazon audits. The attributes of these audits may be on website audits where one identifies locations in which activity is captivated or lost. There are a variety of methods acclimated in free these locations of calefaction loss. One such method is the use of bittersweet techniques. A key agency in the blockage of calefaction accident is the use of able insulation materials accompanied by actual accession techniques. Thermal insulation is any material, or aggregate of materials, which provides attrition to the flow of calefaction energy (Strother, 1990). Insulation can appear in a array of shapes and material make-ups. It may appear as sheets, rolls, or blankets. It may also be of a part blazon that is caked or destroyed in. The part blazon is usually made up of bottle fiber, bedrock absolute or artificial area the cycle or absolute blazon may be made of bottle cilia or bedrock wool. These abstracts alter in their advantages and disadvantages. 1. Provide adequate insulation levels. Reducing the energy use of a building is usually the single most important thing you can do to reduce the buildings overall environmental impact. Dont substitute a green insulation material for a nongreen material if the change will hurt energy performance. 2. With lower R-value materials, increase insulation thickness. If substituting a green insulation material for a higher-R-value but more environmentally damaging insulation material, design the building to permit greater insulation thickness so that there is no sacrifice in energy performance. 3. Try to avoid HCFC-foamed insulation materials. HCFCs are far less destructive to stratospheric ozone than CFCs, but damaging nonetheless. When it can be done without reducing overall energy performance, avoid all HCFC based insulation, including extruded polystyrene, polyisocyanurate, and spray polyurethane. Expanded polystyrene or rigid fiberglass can be substituted for extruded polystyrene and polyisocyanurate. HFC-blown polyurethane (SuperGreen Foam), CO 2-blown isocyanurate (Icynene), or CO 2-blown polyurethane (Resin Technologies when it becomes available) can be substituted for conventional HCFC-blown polyurethane. 4. With highly conductive framing systems, avoid thermal bridging by installing a layer of insulating sheathing. With steel framing, for example, it does not make sense to design the walls to accommodate thicker or higher-R-value cavity-fill insulation when the steel will dramatically reduce the average wall R-values; instead, minimize the cavity-fill insulation and spend your budget putting insulative sheathing over the framing. 5. Choose high-recycled-content insulation materials. With cavity-fill insulation, cellulose and mineral wool have higher recycled content than fiberglass. Among the different fiberglass products, Schuller Internationals products have the highest post-consumer recycled content. Among extruded polystyrene products, Amofoam is the only one available with recycled content. 6. With built-up roofing systems, install a layer of sheathing between the insulation and the roofing surface so that reroofing is possible without destroying the insulation. 7. When substituting fiber insulation materials for boardstock insulation, consider the impact of using more framing material. Boardstock insulation is selfsupporting, while cavity-fill fiber insulation materials require a framed cavity. Even though the fiber insulation material might be environmentally superior, when you factor in the additional framing resource required, the advantages may not be as great. 8. With most fiber insulation materials, you should install a continuous air barrier between the insulation and the living space to keep fibers out of the indoor air. 9. For chemically sensitive individuals, specify a non-offgassing insulation material, such as the new Miraflex fiberglass from Owens Corning, or Air Krete. As additional testing information becomes available, consider Icynene and Greenwood Cotton insulation for these applications. 10. Choose an insulation contractor who recycles scrap insulation. Batt insulation scraps and Icynene trimmings can be chopped into loose-fill insulation. Reference: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/pdf/ec/ec1437.pdf 2.1 Insulation as a technique of heat loss prevention Insulation is extensively used as a tool for heat loss prevention. Insulation can be defined as the act of protecting something by surrounding it with material that reduces or prevents the transmission of sound or heat or electricity There are mainly two types of insulation materials. They are organic materials and inorganic materials. The different organic materials of insulation are polystyrene, polyurethane, phenolic foam, polyethylene foam etc. Different types of inorganic materials are mineral wool, calcium silicate, cellular glass, micro porous silica, magnesia, ceramic fibre, vermiculite and perlite. As the main purpose of insulation is control the heat loss, the insulation materials used must be able to prevent heat loss. Commonly used insulation materials are explained below Calcium silicate This form of insulation material is generally used in surfaces and also in piping. They will not easily get in contact with fire. This material makes use of organic and nonorganic fibre materials. The temperature range is 37.8 °C 648.9 ° Glass The following subdivisions are there in this category. Fibrous: This material has a very good capacity to absorb sound. The temperature covered is -40.0 °C to 37.8 °C. This is also a commonly used insulation material. Cellular This material can be transferred into different shapes. The temperature covered is -267.8 °C to 482.2 °C. The qualities of this material are it can resist number of chemical and it is not combustible. Mineral fiber This material is having high limit with regard to the upper temperature. The higher temperature is 1037.8 °C. This material has a very good capacity to absorb sound . Perlite This material has low contraction and the material last for a long period. The material rough one and shape is designed beforehand. Other materials used are elastomeric, foamed plastic, insulating cementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦etc. Estimated Embodied Energy of Several Insulation Materials It surprises a lot of people to learn that a state-of-the-art, energy-efficient, passive-solar house built today may consume less heating and cooling energy over 30 or even 50 years of operation than was required to build it. This means that if our society wants to continue the impressive gains that have been made over the past 20 years in reducing energy use, we will need to focus attention on embodied energy as well as operating energy. Embodied energy is the energy required to produce and transport materials. If two insulation materials insulate equally well and other manufacturing impacts are comparable, the one with lower embodied energy is environmentally preferable. While the embodied energy of insulation materials is usually quite low compared with the energy a given amount of insulation will save over its lifetime, it is nonetheless important. Embodied energy values for common insulation materials are compared in Table 3. Because these values were obtained from different sou rces and may have been obtained using different assumptions, they should not be considered highly accurate. They do provide useful order-of-magnitude comparisons, though. Just how embodied energy values relate to environmental performance of a product is complicated by the fact that different fuels have different environmental impacts. For this broad comparison, it is reasonable to assume that a Btu of energy used by one industry is roughly comparable in terms of resource use and resultant pollution to a Btu used by another industry. Reusability and Recyclability Most insulation material reaches the end of its life not because it has worn out or has ceased to function properly, but because the building it was installed in is altered or taken down. The most obvious exception to this is commercial roofing. Many built-up roofing systems incorporate both rigid insulation and asphaltic roof surfacing. When re-roofing becomes necessary, the whole roof surface is often removed-insulation and all. The reusability of insulation materials is dependent on how those materials were installed. To facilitate re-roofing without replacing the insulation, Mike Tobin of AFM Corporation recommends installing a layer of sheathing between the insulation and the roofing membrane. If rigid boardstock insulation can be removed without breaking it up, it can often be reused. Performance of reused polyisocyanurate insulation will not be as good as that of new material, both because some of the low-conductivity gases will have escaped and because of nail holes. XPS, EPS , and all fiber insulation materials should not appreciably change in their insulating performance, though dust in fiber insulation materials will make working with the stuff at best disagreeable and at worst hazardous. A new product introduced in 1993, the Big Green Machine, is designed to chop up batt insulation to produce a loose-fill product for insulating attics (see EBN Vol. 3, No. 2). While primarily used by insulation contractors to reuse scraps left over from batt insulation jobs, the machine should also work for reprocessing batts recovered from old buildings during remodeling or demolition. The Big Green Machine can also be used to process waste Icynene insulation; large quantities of which are typically generated during installation. Because of dust and dirt, it is unlikely that any fiber insulation materials could be easily recycled into products other than insulation. Of the foam insulation materials, polystyrene (EPS, XPS) is easier to recycle than polyisocyanurate or polyurethane. Polystyrene is a thermoplastic, meaning that it can be melted and reformed into other products with minimal chemical modification. Polyisocyanurate and polyurethane are thermoset plastics that do not melt; most of the research being done on recycling of these materials is focusing on grinding the insulation and using the resultant powder as an additive in various unrelated materials. Another issue of concern relating to disposal of insulation is the CFC blowing agents that are banked in our existing buildings. A large portion of the CFC blowing agents that have been used in building insulation over the past 20 years have not yet been released into the atmosphere; they are still in the insulation. If studies show that even phasing out new production of CFCs and HCFCs is not enough to stem the ozone depletion that is occurring, there might be pressure to capture and thermally destroy CFCs in foam insulation that is being disposed of. This is already happening to a limited extent with refrigerators that are being recycled by utility companies through demand-side management programs. Increasing the payback time The insulation technique is sued for savings. That is economic saving and giving better result. To ensure insulation technique used is efficient and effective, certain points need to be given due consideration. First of the entire place where insulation is to be effected must be measured including finding out the temperature of that place. Then conduct an estimation of the loss in terms of oil and other items, if the insulation is not conducted. After that a detailed study of different factors including the temperature need to be conducted. Next important aspect is to find out the suitable insulation materials based on the analyses and requirements. After this process is done then directly start to talk about the dealers with regard insulation process and cost involved in it. A comparison of in economic terms if insulation is done and if insulation is not done is to be conducted. The payback time can be increased if the proper selection of insulation material is done. While selecting the insulation material following points must be considered. The selected material is economical Friendly with regard to temperature insulation material must have good qualities Life span of insulation material is long Payback period of different insulation materials vary depends on various factors Here is a list of factors for various well known insulation materials. Durability Durability of building materials, including insulation, is a very important environmental consideration. Clearly, more durable materials are environmentally superior to less durable ones. Most insulation materials will perform very well over lifetimes measured in decades or even centuries. There are exceptions, however, and various factors that affect performance over time. The biggest long-term performance concern with cellulose insulation is possible loss of fire-retardant chemicals. Because borates are water soluble, they can leach out if the insulation gets wet. Some people claim that those chemicals gradually disappear even if the material does not get wet, though these claims have not been substantiated. According to Dan Lea of CIMA, there is a shift within the industry toward ammonium sulfate fire retardants, which actually improve in fire retardancy performance over time. A concern with ammonium sulfate, however, is corrosion of metals in contact with the insulation, particularly with wet-spray applications. Other concerns with loose-fill fiber insulation are settling, displacement as a result of wind, and infestations of rodents. It is also possible that, over many decades, dust and dirt accumulation could reduce the R-value-either by compressing the insulation or by filling air pockets. Insulation materials that rely on reflectivity for their thermal performance are prone to reduced performance as accumulating dust reduces the reflectivity. Oak Ridge National Laboratory has published a number of studies on impact of dust on radiant barrier performance. Rigid foam insulation materials that were produced using low-conductivity blowing agents (CFCs and HCFCs) are prone to R-value drift as the blowing agents leak out of the cell structure and air leaks in. Polyisocyanurate foam comes from the factory with an insulating value over R-8 per inch (RSI/m-55), but that may drop as low as R-5.6 (RSI-39), according to some estimates. Depending on the material (especially the facing), the application, and installation practices, a reduction to R-5.6 per inch might take from several years to a century or more. In some parts of the country, foam insulation materials are also prone to infestation of wood-boring insects, such as carpenter ants. Tunnels and nesting cavities will reduce thermal performance and, with foam-core panels, may affect structural performance as well. To address this concern, EPS manufacturers affiliated with AFM Corporation now incorporate a borate additive into EPS foam-core panels. Reference: http://allweathergreen.com/pdfs/ComparisonofInsulationofProducts.pdf Heat Loss of Insulation materials and the Impact of Weather Heat is transferred from hot areas to cooler areas. So when a building is hot by various mechanisms especially, other energy forms to generate heat, the heat is being transferred to colder areas outside as long as it is warmer inside than out. The heat loss from a dwelling can be divided into two main categories: Fabric heat loss h

Tuesday, August 20, 2019

Approaches to Palliative Care

Approaches to Palliative Care Palliative approach refers to the provision of a holistic care for patients who are no longer responsive to curative treatment and dying. The approach provides primary care services to improve the quality of life of the dying patients through addressing pain and other distressing symptoms and integrating physical, psychosocial and spiritual care to ensure a good death for the patients (Koutoukidis, Stainton and Hughson 2013, p. 865). It also offers support for families of the terminally ill patients to cope with grief and bereavement in the end-of-life stage of the patients (ACT Health 2014). In palliative care, nurses are directly involved in ensuring a holistic care for the patients and liaising with the patients’ families. They deal with pain relief, provide emotional support for both the patients and families and communicate the patients’ disease conditions with other care specialists through regular team meeting and clinical discussion. They also carry out assessme nt, care plan and bereavement follow up with families and friends of the patients to help them cope with grief and loss (Tasmanian Palliative Care Service 2013, p. 9). An advanced care directive is a written statement about the wishes of the patients regarding their medical treatment choices and future health care. It is a way that individuals, especially those who are in chronic or life-limiting condition like Mr. Guzman, communicate their wishes to the carers when they are unable to make decision on their health care choices, which can help avoid unwanted treatment and reduce family stress in any emergency situation (The Advance Care Directive Association 2012). The advanced care directive is implemented within the legal framework of Victoria. The Medical Treatment Act 1988 allows the patients to refuse medical treatment that are not consistent with their cultural or personal beliefs in most of the circumstances, and The Guardianship and Administration Act 1986 enables the patients to appoint an enduring guardian to make decision on their health care (Victorian Department of Health 2014, p. 53). According to the Victorian legislation, medical pra ctitioners must usually seek for the patients’ consent regarding their health care choice in the advanced care directive before providing any medical treatment to the patients (Victorian Department of Health 2014, p. 54). The current best practice regarding pain management for palliative care patients consists of both non-pharmacological and pharmacological approaches. The non-pharmacological approach in palliative care is primarily enabling the patients to regularly access to family members or religious leaders to ensure their psychological, spiritual and religious needs are met. This approach may help address the emotional components of pain and improve the psychological wellbeing and physical health of the terminally ill patients (Hughes 2012, p. 26). Pharmacological approach involves using drug therapies to effectively manage the pain. Hughes (2012, p. 25) suggests that the first attempt of analgesia may not be able to fully control the patients’ pain, and ongoing commitment to assess and adjust the pain control technique can give the patients confidences, which thereby reduces pain. Therefore, patient-centred care is important as it enables health practitioners to assess and decide on spec ific doses and forms of analgesia that should be given to the patients. It is also mentioned that health practitioners do not normally use opioid analgesia to their full potential though they are safe and cost effective medications. For effective pain control management, does, duration of treatment and the patients’ current condition, such as renal and hepatic function, should be taken into account to ensure the patients receive adequate pain relief with less side effects (National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence 2012). Filipinos believe in bahala na, which means leaving one’s fate to God. They also believe that a person’s suffering is the God’s will, and only prayer can save the person’s life. Families and friends of the dying patients should, therefore, pray for the patients rather than discussing advanced care directive and terminal prognosis with them as it frustrates the patients and makes them feel hopeless. Discussing end-of-life issue with the patients is also believed to bring unwanted outcome to the patients’ health condition (Mazanec and Tyler 2003, p. 54). Such attitude to dying conflicts with modern health practices in which the dying patients are provided with full disclosure of the fact of illness and treatment and are able to make decision on their future health care. Patients with Filipino decent may also want to die at home or die in their home countries. Those who are catholic may require a priest to perform ‘sacrament of the sick’ a nd may not allow the nurses to wash their dead bodies, making it difficult for health professionals to provide holistic care for the patients before and after death (Mazanec and Tyler 2003, p. 54). When a person is dying, numerous common symptoms may occur in the last day or the last few hours before death. Confusion and delirium may usually occur during the end-of-life stage due to metabolic and electrolyte imbalance, hypoxemia and toxin accumulation. The patient also demonstrates increased weakness, fatigue and drowsiness and requires more sleep. In addition to decreased oral intake including food and fluid, they are also presented with the symptoms of decreased cardiac output, cool extremities, cyanosis and decreased urine output due to diminished blood perfusion and renal failure. Breaths become shallow and accessory muscle is used as the patient is struggling with breathing. They also have raised temperature and urinal and faecal incontinence (INCTR Palliative care 2009). Nurses know that patients are close to death as they become less interested in food, and their mouths become very dry. They have trouble swallowing pills and medicines and are unable to cooperate with car egivers. Their skin become dark or pale, and heart rate is fast and irregular. Nurses also realize that they become confused, disoriented and restless (American Cancer Association 2014). Last offices are performed as soon as Mr. Guzman passed away. Though different hospitals may have different policies regarding this procedure, the dead person’s body is usually straightened, arms are placed at the side of the body, pillows are removed, eyes are closed, denture is placed in the mouth if available, and a rolled towel is placed under the jaw to prevent sagging. All jewellery and personal stuffs are removed and kept at a safe place unless the families wish to keep it with the patient (Funnell and Koutoukidis 2008, p. 175). Nurses also apply a firm pressure on the lower abdomen of the body to drain all the fluid and prepares the death body for removal to a hospital mortuary or holding area by removing all tubes and drainage, washing, dressing, wrapping and labeling the body appropriately. Other specific cultural or religious practices concerning how to care for the body after death must be adhered to as fully as possible. If there is no specific requirement, two nu rses should carry out a post-mortem care, and the body is subsequently taken to the hospital mortuary (Funnell and Koutoukidis 2008, p. 175). Grief has a negative effect on families and friends of the dead person though the death is anticipated. Some families may become shock, while others may become angry, anxious and resentful. They may also feel a whirlwind of emotions from intense grief and loss to relief and comfort from the fact that someone they love will no longer be suffering (Koutoukidis, Stainton and Hughson 2013, p. 873). Grief also affects health professionals, particularly nurses, who provide direct care for the dead person. Stress, loss of motivation to continue providing health care for other terminally ill patients and social withdrawal may be commonly seen, which negatively affect their work performance and socialization (Wilson and Kirshbaum 2011, p. 560). Some recommendations for nurses to deal with grief and loss include talking to someone they trust about how they feel and the difficulty of trying to coping with the problem, discussing it with other carers and health professionals at the facility or c ontacting the National Carer Counseling to gain advice on how to deal with grief and loss effectively (Carer Victoria 2005). The sense of loss and grief may not ease with time for some families and carers. Prolonged grief can be a serious concern and require further support to prevent negative consequences from happening. Supports that are available for families and health professionals to cope with grief and loss include counseling and bereavement support services provided by the Australian Centre for Grief and Bereavement in Victoria, which offers a range of bereavement support programs and experienced counselors including social workers, psychologists and psychotherapists to help individuals cope with grief and loss (Australian Centre for Grief and Bereavement 2014). Hospital and community health care center, palliative care agencies, volunteer groups and church and religious organizations are also available sources from which families and health professionals can seek support. National Association of Loss and Grief Victoria also offers supports for families, clinicians and stakeholders in the health an d community service sectors to deal with grief and loss such as providing a package of loss and grief resources and making a discussion with counselors, psychologists and general practitioners available for those who find it difficult to deal with grief and loss (National Association for Loss and Grief Victoria 2011). Word count: 1530 References: ACT Health 2014, Palliative care, viewed 12 May 2014, http://www.health.act.gov.au/health-services/palliative-care/. American Cancer Association 2014, When death is near, viewed 13 May 2013, http://www.cancer.org/treatment/nearingtheendoflife/nearingtheendoflife/nearing-the-end-of-life-death. Australian Centre for Grief and Bereavement 2014, Counselling, viewed 15 May 2014, http://www.grief.org.au/grief_and_bereavement_support/counselling_services. Carer Victoria 2005, Dealing with grief when your family member dies, viewed 15 May 2014, http://www.survivingthemaze.org.au/bcfc/PDFS/GEN-04-15.pdf. Funnell, R Koutoukidis G 2008, Tabbner’s nursing care: Theory and practice, 5th edn, Elsevier, NSW. Hughes, LD 2012, ‘Assessment and management of pain in older patients receiving palliative care’, Nursing Older People, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 23-29. INCTR Palliative Care 2009, Signs and symptoms at the end of life, viewed 13 May 2013, http://inctr-palliative-care-handbook.wikidot.com/signs-and-symptoms-at-the-end-of-life. Koutoukidis, G, Stainton, K Hughson, J 2013, Tabbner’s nursing care: Theory and practice, 6th edn, Elsevier, NSW. Mazanec, P Tyler, MK 2003, ‘Cultural consideration in end-of-life care’, Australian Journal of Nursing, vol. 103, no. 3, pp. 50-58. National Association for Loss and Grief Victoria 2011, National Association for Loss Grief Annual Conference 2011, viewed 16 May 2014, http://www.nalagvic.org.au/ab-currentwork.htm. National Institute for Health and Clinincal Excellence 2012, Opioids in palliative care: safe and effective prescribing of strong opioids for pain in palliative care of adults, viewed 13 May 2014, www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/13745/59285/59285.pdf. Tasmanian Palliative Care Service 2013, Information booklet, viewed 12 May 2014, https://www.dhhs.tas.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/8987/tas-palliative-care-info-booklet.pdf. The Advance Care Directive Association 2012, What is advance care planning?, viewed 12 May 2014, http://www.advancecaredirectives.org.au. Victorian Department of Health 2014, Advance care planning: Have the conversation, a strategy for Victorian health service 2014-2018, viewed 12 May 2014, http://docs.health.vic.gov.au/docs/doc/C1BEDB926ED9A6E7CA257C9A0005231A/$FILE/Advance%20care%20planning%20-%20strategy%202014-18.pdf. Wilson, J Kirshbaum, M 2011, ‘Effects of patient death on nursing staff: a literature review’, British Journal of Nursing, vol. 20, no. 9, pp. 559-563.